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Essential fish habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U.S. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity."〔16 U.S.C. §§ 1801-1884〕 Implementing regulations clarified that waters include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate includes the associated biological communities that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used at any time during the species' life cycle.〔Rosenberg, A., T. E. Bigford, S. Leathery, R. L. Hill, and K. Bickers. 2000. Ecosystem approaches to fishery management through essential fish habitat. Bulletin of marine science 66(3):535-542.〕 EFH includes all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.〔 NOAA Habitat Conservation. Habitat Protection. “What is Essential Fish Habitat?” http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/protection/efh/index.html〕
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific information. EFH has been described for more than a 1,000 managed species to date.〔Essential Fish Habitat: A Marine Fish Habitat Conservation Mandate for Federal Agencies.” National Marine Fisheries Service. South Atlantic Region. http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat_conservation/documents/pdfs/efh/sa_guide_2010.pdf 9 September 2010. Web 28 August 2014.〕 The main purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non fishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
==Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act==
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the benefit of the fisheries.〔“Essential Fish Habitat and Consultation.” NOAA Fisheries. Pacific Islands Regional Office. http://www.fpir.noaa.gov/Library/HCD/EFH_and_Consultation_factsheet_FINAL_05-08-2013_lo.pdf 8 May 2013. Web 3 September 2014.〕 The Magnuson-Stevens Act has jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or activities may adversely affect habitat identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.〔 “What is an Essential Fish Habitat Consultation?” Habitat Conservation- Southeast Region. http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat_conservation/documents/pdfs/efh/efh_consultation_101_ver082013.pdf August 2013. Web. 3 September 2014.〕 On December 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No. 244) which specify procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.〔“Magnuson-Stevens Act Provisions; Essential Fish Habitat (EFH); Interim final rule; request for comments,” 62 Federal Register 244 (19 December 1997), pp. 66531 - 66559.〕 These rules were amended by publication of final rules on January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No. 12).〔“Magnuson-Stevens Act Provisions; Essential Fish Habitat (EFH); Final rule” 67 Federal Register 12 (17 January 2002), pp. 2343 - 2383.〕 he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.〔Essential Fish Habitat: A Marine Fish Habitat Conservation Mandate for Federal Agencies.” National Marine Fisheries Service. South Atlantic Region. http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat_conservation/documents/pdfs/efh/sa_guide_2010.pdf 9 September 2010. Web 28 August 2014.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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